80万年前首批欧洲人同类相食

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最新研究发现，生活在欧洲的早期洞穴人同类相食是日常饮食的一部分。科学家对在西班牙发现的化石骨骼进行研究发现，对生活在大约80万年前的第一批欧洲人来说，同类相食就是日常生活的一部分。

在西班牙格兰多利纳洞穴(Gran Dolina)出土的这些骨头化石上，有早期石器砍出的痕迹和其他作标记的迹象。科学家在野牛、鹿和其他动物的骨骼里，发现至少11个人类儿童和青少年遭屠杀后留下的残骸。这些骨骼有被敲碎，以获得里面富有营养的骨髓的迹象。有证据显示，这些受害者的“大脑可能也被吃掉了”。据这项研究的联合论文作者约瑟·玛利亚·贝尔姆德兹·卡斯特罗说，颅骨底部的痕迹也说明这些人曾经被砍首。

西班牙国家人类进化研究中心的卡斯特罗说：“也许他们砍掉人头是为了获得人脑。人脑是很好的食物。”科学家认为，早期人类吃掉同类是为了满足营养需要，也是为了消灭附近的敌方部落。被吃掉的人类骨骼的年代延续几十万年，这说明人吃人行为并不只局限在食物匮乏的时期。人类骨骼与其他动物骨骼被丢在一起，表明这一行为没有宗教意义。

卡斯特罗表示，格兰多利纳洞穴周围地区的食物来源丰富，因此他们没必要把吃掉同类作为维持生命的最后方法。早期人类可能普遍采用这一行为来解决与临近敌方部落的竞争。该研究指出，儿童之所以会成为屠杀目标，可能是因为他们的自卫能力更弱，更容易得手。

Hammstein

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Around 800,000 years ago, a group of early humans took shelter in a cave at the site now called Gran Dolina. Researchers have unearthed an intriguing collection of hominid fossils buried inside the filled-in cave that are unlike any other fossils found in Africa, Asia or Europe. As a result, these hominids have been classified as a new species, Homo antecessor, from the Latin word for explorer. Homo antecessor may have been the first hominid to populate western Europe.

Only about 90 fragmentary fossils have been found to date at Gran Dolina, so not much is known about these first Europeans. But the evidence does reveal one surprising detail. The Gran Dolina hominids not only butchered animals in the shelter of their cave—they butchered other ancient humans as well, making them the first known cannibals.

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当中略去。。。A close look at the fossils found at Gran Dolina from 800,000 years ago reveals a startling story: these hominids were butchered by other hominids. Both the human and animal bones have similar markings on them that could only have been made by stone tools. Using this evidence, the researchers who discovered these fossils argue that these hominids not only ate other mammals but also other humans.

A Jumble of Bones
The hominid remains at Gran Dolina were jumbled together with several thousand bone fragments from other mammals. Many of the bones—human and nonhuman alike—have marks that could only have resulted from being chopped and scraped with stone tools. Scientists working at the site suggest that the way in which the bones were cut, twisted and broken indicates that both the meat and bone marrow were eaten.

Modern humans have practiced cannibalism—but only very rarely. Researchers have no way of knowing why the early humans at Gran Dolina ate others of their kind. A rich diversity of animals lived at Atapuerca during this period, so the hominids probably did not lack food and turn to cannibalism to meet their nutritional needs. Instead, the cannibalism seems to have taken place over a long period during which the hominids of Gran Dolina made human flesh a regular part of their diet.

富士康