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本帖最后由 munichzz 于 2017-10-23 08:39 编辑
完整版的英文原文找到了，
Depth analysis of a Nobel prize winner: Asian education is a waste of time
Datetime：2016/7/14 Source： Author：中村修二
http://ca.ehouse411.com/Canada/view/6390.htm
won the 2014 Nobel prize in physics for research and development of blue LED Nakamura Shuji held in Tokyo in January 2015 in Japan, the Foreign Press Association press conference, criticized the Japanese patent system and the whole education system in East asia. He attacked the Japanese education system, said the university entrance examination system is very bad, China and South Korea are also so, all high school students are admitted to the educational objectives of the famous university. He thinks that the education system in Asia is a waste of time, young people should learn different things.
, East Asia Education: low efficiency, all people have suffered
Asian education system is more specific, is often criticized by outsiders and insiders praise. Japan's education system has been relatively easy to calculate the three countries, China is not to mention, the teachers, students, parents, all by their suffering. As for South Korea is to test
credentialism extreme nationalism and famous. The University of Seoul (Seoul National University), Korea University (KoreaUniversity) and the Yonsei University (Yonsei University) called "SKY", South Korea's largest enterprise executives, 70% is the three university graduates, and 80% civil servants from the judiciary in three universities. South Korean children almost have to cram schools, in 2009 the total profit of Korean cram about $7 billion 300 million, which is more than the profit of Samsung Electronics, education spending is a large Korean people dare not to give birth to more children the biggest reason. In 2012, the organization for economic cooperation and development, the international students' ability assessment program, in math and reading projects, the Korean students ranked first in all member countries. However, this achievement is achieved in a very low efficiency, there are evaluation, said: "these children are to double the effort to double the cost of...... To get this result."
why East Asia will have such education system? I think it is because the East Asian countries in the modern education system had some of the genes of the East, plus the East Asian Confucianism and imperial tradition. It can be said to Chinese, coupled with the Soviet education practical orientation and indoctrination function crash.
two, East Asia education has the "Prussian gene" too observant of conventional standards.
before nineteenth Century, education is actually a similar handicraft apprenticeship, whether Eastern or western style private tutor. However, with the increase of subjects and the demand for the working population of the basic education, the so-called K-12 (which is the common primary and secondary school) education system in our region has emerged. The standard mode of education
in modern countries, is that we have several basic elements as unalterable principles:
1, at seven or eight in the morning into the teaching building;
2, for 40 to 60 minutes in the course of whole sitting in the classroom, the teacher lectures, students listen to the responsible, responsible;
3, interspersed between the courses have lunch and sports class time;
4, after school, the students go home to do homework. Of course
table in the standard ", the original vast and beautiful human thought was artificially cut into pieces, pieces of manageable parts, and is called" discipline". Also, the concept, research, mastery of the original freely flowing style of writing is divided into a separate "curriculum unit". This pattern is
, in eighteenth Century was first implemented by the prussians. They were the first to invent our classroom teaching model. The original intention is not the Prussian education students to think independently, but a large number of loyal processing and easy to manage people, they learn in school values so that they obey parents, teachers and church, the authority, of course, to obey the king. Of course
, Prussian education system is innovative in many ways at that time. The education system has made tens of thousands of people a middle class, providing an essential impetus for Germany to become an industrial power. Based on the technical level of the time, to achieve the goal of education for all people in the kingdom of the kingdom of the Kingdom, the most economical way is to use the education system.
however, the system hinders the students more in-depth research, their ability to think independently harmful. However, in nineteenth Century, a high level of creative thinking skills might not be as important as the thought of obedience to the command, action to master the basic skills.
in the first half of nineteenth Century, the United States basically copied the Prussian education system, as in the Prussian, a move to vigorously promote the construction of the middle class, so that they have the ability to thrive in the industrial field for a job. In addition to the United States, this system in nineteenth Century has been followed by other European countries, and to promote other countries outside Europe and the United states.
but economic situation now no longer need to obey and discipline of the working class, on the contrary, it on workers' reading ability, mathematical literacy and cultural heritage of the increasingly high demand. In today's society need is creative, full of curiosity and self-directed lifelong learners, they need to have the ability to put forward new ideas and put into practice, unfortunately, the Prussian education system goal and the social demand on the contrary. Today's education completely ignores the wonderful diversity and subtle differences between people, and it is these diverse and subtle differences that make people different in intelligence, imagination and talent. Outside the
three, Prussia gene, East Asia Education by Confucian tradition and influence of imperial examination system
East Asia at the end of nineteenth Century in order to catch up with the Western powers began to introduce this modern education system, but also inevitably because of their traditional Confucianism and imperial examination system, and theThis system has made a subconscious distortion and bias.
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confusion about college entrance examination and the examination system of the East Asian countries to the university entrance exam, and they will always be a long-term traditional imperial examination together. The ancient society does not have the demand for creativity, so the imperial examination is a very good system, with minimal conflict completed selection social management, and establishes a yardstick to replace family intelligence. If you want to
analogy and the imperial examination, the corresponding now should be some big companies or the civil service exam entry exam. Because these examinations and the imperial examination, is the need to select the trained adults, you can immediately engage in certain work.
and college entrance examination, the goal is to choose strong plasticity and ambition for the next step of education, such a person as if removed from the furnace and the liquid glass can rotate, elongated, strong plasticity. And the imperial examinations to get the personnel, it is like the glaze of the kiln out of the porcelain, can be used immediately, but if you do what changes, not the rupture is scratch. In addition
, the test is a very useful tool limited. The ancient imperial examination of the personnel missing and modern either known to all, exams can test the examinees' interest, ambition, imagination and practical ability? Even the most objective and measurable math exam already seems to have lost a lot of things.
Khan Academy founder Sahlman Khan gave the example of algebra. In learning algebra, students mostly focus on getting high scores in the exam, the content of the exam is only the most important part of the unit of learning. Students only remember a lot of X and y, as long as the X and y by rote formula, you can get their values. The examination of X and Y does not reflect the power of algebra and its importance. The importance and charm of algebra is that all of these X and y are represented by infinite phenomena and perspectives. Used in the calculation of the listed company cost equation can also be used to calculate the object momentum in space; the same equation can be used not only for the optimum path calculation of the parabola, can also determine the most appropriate prices for new products. The method of calculating the prevalence of a genetic disease can also be used to determine whether or not the attack should be launched in the fourth quarter. In the exam, most of the students did not use algebra as a simple and versatile tool to explore the world, but it is considered as a barrier to be crossed.
so, although the examination is very important, but the society must be able to recognize the great limitation of the exam, and weaken its position in the material.
the American educational system to suppress students in the way of double insurance in the exam too much waste of energy: first, SAT just admitted to a test scores in consideration of various factors, it is unwise to attach too much importance to SAT; second, 6 times the annual SAT opportunity for.
Chinese education system with double way to encourage students to waste their youth: first, college entrance examination scores is a decisive factor in whether or not to admit; second, the college entrance examination once a year. A comparative study of the rights and interests of China Japan Korea and the U.S. high school students in
2, East Asian countries to review the excessive emphasis on
2009 released the "report" shows: 78.3% senior high school students Chinese (excluding weekends and holidays) every day in school time in more than 8 hours, 57.2% in South Korea, and Japan and the United States, there is almost no such situation. Chinese students learn the longest day. The number of students who learn the content of the difference is not too large, then if the learning time is too long, what does it mean? Means that the review time is too large. It is the biggest way to kill the imagination and creativity of students.
spoke of the importance of review, people often quote "learning proficiency for Officialdom", the "learning" is to review. However, the Confucius era and today there is a huge difference in society, is the content of learning. Confucius era of the main learning content is "ceremony", the only repeated exercise can achieve the effect. However, the evolution of human social life to modern times, the main contents of the study from the "Li" into a cognitive. Cognition is expanding and changing, the essence of which is to create or learn something new. If the education is too intensive review, it is not a creative talent.
and, as Paul said, "Glaxo learned even in the best high school knowledge, and the university is not worth mentioning compared." Take the liberal arts as an example, that several high school need to repeat the knowledge of the history textbook, and just a few of the university history department will read than what? As for mathematics, even if the middle school mathematics are very good, has not learned in seventeenth Century on the emergence of calculus. What's more, with the explosion of knowledge, all the mathematical knowledge of 1900 can be crammed into 1000 books, to 2000 has been required 100 thousand volumes of books (Devlin, "mathematics still chat"). Can be seen, spent a lifetime of the most abundant energy in a few years time to learn such a limited knowledge, how inefficient the learning method ah.
in recent years there is a popular theory for ten thousand hours, repeated practice seems to be a theoretical support. However, this kind of discourse is more in the cognitive complexity of the lower activities, such as chess, piano, basketball, taxi driving, spelling. However, it is difficult to find enough evidence for the high activity of cognitive complexity, such as creation, management and so on. In fact, this can be used to explain why the training of such skills in piano and violin has been declining in the west, while in East asia. This kind of
nineteenth Century has become a skill, is characterized by difficulty training ladder is fixed, the total amount of knowledge is limited, only need more practice, and learning progress, and can be measured by the difficulty or test track. thisJust in line with the East Asian preference learning method. So these children parents most of East Asian countries, neither musical nor understand classical music background knowledge, but let the children spend a lot of time to practice, the starting point, just like the famous joke because the lamp is bright, just on the street to find the key of the fool. Effect of
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, egalitarianism and mindset many of the college entrance examination that is to say, although the college entrance examination is not satisfactory, but is the most fair. This is the influence of Confucianism on the thought of "not suffering from the lack of a few". Fair and not wrong, but if in order to fair, but across the board to suppress the development of different types of talent, it is very sad. East Asian countries, the population base is so large, the opportunity cost of such a waste of talent is also very difficult to measure.
as an example for other countries. There is a comparison between the European academic circles, such as the United Kingdom and Germany are classical academic learning tyrants country, but the United Kingdom in this regard the talent to be a lot of good. Investigate its reason, but because the British education system is not fair. There are some schools in Britain because of traditional reasons, the possibility of a good university is very high, so the inside students have long been able to unhurried kinky immersed in the great classical academic. In turn, Germany is fair, all students on the university to pass the assessment, so that students instead to spend more energy in the general pro forma subjects above. As a result, the surface of the UK is not fair, but it is possible to create high-quality talent. This
like Peter Tell's "raise to 1 from 0 in the" commercial example, on the surface of the complete competition as a fair comparison, in fact in this competition corporate profits will become like a blade thin, only Guzhe immediate hang by a thread, and can not make the long-term plan for the future. While similar to the Google monopoly, because there is no jiguazhao and other enterprise competition, but the greater autonomy about their products and do all kinds of long-term plan is not reliable. So if the students in the long run under the pressure of competition, it is impossible to have a long-term self growth plans, and can only focus on the life of the road will be decided on the exam again.
on the other hand, East Asian countries began to learn in college and post war battle from kindergarten, its essence is limited to high-quality education resources, this is not a reason. But why the region's competition will be so hot? That may be due to the scarcity of long-term material scarcity.
last year's hot "scarcity: how we are in poverty and busy" pointed out that, when people in the scarce state (material or time), scarcity will capture the brain, capture people's attention, not only affects the way we see the speed, but also affect our understanding of the world around us. And when we are extremely focused in order to solve the current problems, we can not effectively plan for the future. I think
scarcity is the unique status of East Asian nation. Because these countries for thousands of years are rice intensive cultivation of the economy, on the one hand can be in the same arable land to feed more people, on the one hand, of course, is the need to pay more work and more crowded. By seventeenth Century, it fell into the trap of involution. In Japan, for example, from 15 to nineteenth Century, Japan's population fluctuations between 10 million to 20 million, about four times the population of the UK over the same period. The huge population of the arable land area of only one county is in England, but less than the productivity of a county in England. So in the Tokchon period, in order to survive, Japanese not only the industrious and thrifty play to the extreme, even two fantastic phenomenon. One is the Japanese government to encourage infanticide, that 300 years of zero population growth. In addition, because of the precious land can not be used to feed livestock, Japanese systematically eliminated the use of wheels and livestock these two basic agricultural technology, the result of it, a vivid metaphor, they remain in the water above the nose, as long as the disaster accident or unexpected expenses, may was drowned. This peculiar lack of East Asian Nations and the mentality of anxiety, whether it is South East Asia's indigenous people, Europe and the United States, and even Africans, are unable to understand.
so for the education resources, if it is narrowly understood as well - equipped classrooms and senior teachers and the like, that is really limited, in the scarcity of the psychological state of long-term East Asian people, must participate in the competition for the. But in fact,
, children should be taught, more important is their family education resources, cultural background, values, aspirations and vision of the subtle words and deeds, the fundamental and that "did you go to the school I go" as a zero sum game. Moreover, if the parents in the drive of scarcity mentality, let the children immersed in a cram school and the sea, hoping to grab the first sight seems very scarce resources of the school, maybe in the long run, is but a waste of resources - the children of infinite possibilities and youth natural curiosity, that is love enough to harm the.
4, after the industrialization brought
influence mentality of modern industrialization originated in Western Europe, so they both economic and social education system, have a more relaxed natural evolution period. The East Asian countries are being coerced into modern society, in order to catch up with other countries in the industrial system inevitably adopt the development plan of the national level under the guidance of the. Japan's industrialization should be attributed to the MITI bureaucrats, South Korea is the government support several chaebol to accommodate the entire development plan, and now there are so Chinese five year plan guide. This
national plan is based on the rationalism of the nineteenth Century, theThe idea is that there is no problem in the world can not be solved, so we can predict the future direction of the development of things through scientific investigation. This idea is used in the education system, assuming that an organization can accurately predict a young child needs to know what kind of knowledge, some examinations can produce what kind of talent and so on, this kind of confidence is extremely thin Si fear.
and specific to the specific operation of the school and learning, set up in order to adapt to the demand of the East Asian industrial education system, compared with the natural development of the western system, more industrialized to catch up the madness that the pursuit of efficiency. In this way, the education system of the backward industrial countries, instead of the predecessor of the industrial country more like some of the plant's assembly line.
in early twentieth Century, Taylor (Taylor) in the U.S. industry prevailed. The fundamental purpose of Taylor's management, that is to improve efficiency. To this end, he took the work quota, choose the best workers, the implementation of standardized management, the implementation of compensation system, emphasis on the stimulation of employers and workers cooperation "spiritual revolution". This will be the potential to incapable of further increase of the workers has been described, in the implementation of Taylor's factories, can not find an excess of workers, each worker like machines working incessantly. The premise of Taylor's theory is the management object of "people" as the "economic man", is the school's main interest drive to improve the efficiency of the weapon. The most famous Taylor factory than Foxconn. From the report, we can also guess that the impact of the high pressure environment on the workers' psychological.
and if the East Asian education system and Taylor factory to compare it, we will find that almost one-to-one relationship, making learning volume is very high and the assessment of the need for a large number of knowledge points, choose good students composed of key schools, the national unified examination standards, a large amount of stimulus reward, examination form there are a variety of activities within the school extremely excited. The goal of the school is to develop the potential of the students, each minute to get the best results. It criticized the education system of people often say that the child seems to be on the line of industrial products, or that the student is the teacher's child, their performance has become the teacher's performance, so the interests of teachers and students are often not consistent, is the opposite. This is not a simple words of anger, but there are certain internal logic. Of course
, because East Asia's hard-working tradition, the children are so hard, if there is effect, nor can not accept. But the problem lies in the effectiveness of the. This
education Taylor system is essentially to students as the manual workers to treat. For manual workers, because their work is visible, so the factory management is relatively easy, the requirement for them is to do the right thing, rather than doing the right thing".
modern student, I feel more like Drucker's definition of "knowledge workers" (knowledge workers do not produce tangible things, but the production of knowledge, ideas and information, who can not see what they want, but also from the training objective) is mostly to become knowledge workers. The real achievements of student, they not handed in the homework and exams, but they really learn and think about. These are technically impossible to carry out strict supervision. So to be a good student, the teacher is not complete faithfully as laborers as a job, but to be like the knowledge worker, is effective, that is "doing the thing" (good student must do: to focus on the self determined learning measure of self mastery, knowledge management has its own learning time) it is required to have the initiative and the great degree of freedom.
so, unfortunately, because of the industrial age education system of East Asia gene, they are using the training manual approach to cultivate future scholars and entrepreneurs in their minds, which inevitably widely divergent.
four, East Asia education needs reform, but to the more rigid
education system of East Asia has long been beneficial. In the industrial era, a large number of available workers and junior engineers can be created for the newly established industries. So the rapid development of East Asian countries in twentieth Century, the education system has a great contribution. But with the evolution of technology and economy, the system becomes more and more out of time.
this can be likened to the Soviet heavy industry. Under this system, coal mining is for smelting steel, steel for mechanical industry, mechanical industry and is committed to the production of mining and smelting machine, so that the formation of internal self circulation, while ignoring the actual needs of the market and competition. This heavy industry in the industrialization of the Soviet Union, indeed produced a large number of the original lack of industrial products, very useful. But at a certain stage of development, the lack of efficiency and the weakness of the international competitiveness of the exposed. Until now, what is the value of the Soviet Union, the once second industrial power, and its auto industry, and the machinery industry? Similarly, the East Asian education system has been mass produced by a large number of standardized personnel, not in the new era will become more and more no value?
what is more, in order to escape from this system, many East Asian families send children to the United States to study abroad, but unless they stay abroad, if the turtles return to employment, or to their school for the employment of weight to fall back into the whirlpool of school fame. Just like in medieval India in order to get rid of many low caste caste oppression, converted to Islam's, but in the omnipresent caste ideology, Muslim is regarded as a caste, or in the same grade system. So TOEFL, SAT these American examination system, inEast Asia has also been incorporated into the rich oriental style of the examination oriented system of education and education. This system makes
due to multiple vested interest groups, so it is difficult to shake, even as said above the Soviet heavy industrial complex or caste system in India as "sick to death". During the Soviet period, heavy industry kept making the weapon which is not good for the society, forming a benefit related power, wasting a lot of social resources, until the whole national system collapsed. The caste system in India, from the time of the Buddha has been criticized, but has been the scourge of India for thousands of years, until today still India forward huge obstacles on the road, behind is because there are a lot of high caste vested interest.
East Asian education system, on the one hand, all kinds of public and private educational institutions support huge inefficiencies and old ideas (which is similar to the Soviet Union Industrial Group), on the other hand, the value of education, occupy the high social stratum, mostly is the most adapt to this system, and this class by spending more on exam oriented education, to ensure that their next generation can also in the examination system in talent shows itself, and thus their position in society advantage and passed to the next generation (which is also a bit like the caste system). This urgent reform of the system, so in the various social groups under the collusion of increasingly stiff.
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发表于 2017-10-20 15:56
